热轧（挤压无缝钢管）：圆管坯→ 加热→ 刺骨的→ 三辊交叉轧制、连续轧制或挤压→ 剥离→ 定径（或减径）→ 冷却→ 矫直→ 水压试验（或探伤）→标记→用于轧制无缝管的原材料是圆管坯。圆管坯由切割机切割成长度约1米的坯料，然后通过传送带送至熔炉加热。钢坯被送入熔炉，并在大约1200°C的温度下加热。燃料是氢[…；]
热轧
（挤压无缝钢管）：圆管坯→ 加热→ 刺骨的→ 三辊交叉轧制、连续轧制或挤压→ 剥离→ 定径（或减径）→ 冷却→ 矫直→ 水压试验（或探伤）→标记→仓储
轧制无缝管的原材料是圆管坯。圆管坯由切割机切割成长度约1米的坯料，然后通过传送带送至熔炉加热。将钢坯送入熔炉，并在约1200°C的温度下加热。燃料为氢或乙炔。炉内温度控制是一个关键问题。圆管出炉后，必须通过压力冲床穿孔。一般来说，更常见的穿孔机是圆锥滚子穿孔机。该型穿孔机生产效率高，产品质量好，穿孔扩径大，可穿各种钢种。穿孔后，圆管坯由三辊连续交叉轧制、连续轧制或挤压而成。挤压后，取下管子并校准。定径机使用锥形钻头高速旋转进入钢坯料，冲孔形成钢管。钢管内径由浆纱机钻头外径的长度决定。钢管定径后进入冷却塔喷水冷却。钢管冷却后，进行矫直。钢管矫直后通过输送带送至金属探伤机（或水压试验）进行内部探伤。如果钢管内部有裂纹、气泡等，将被检测到。钢管经质量检验后，需严格人工选择。钢管经质量检验合格后，用油漆涂刷序列号、规格、生产批号等。由起重机吊入仓库。
冷拔无缝钢管：圆管坯→ 加热→ 刺骨的→ 标题→ 退火→ 酸洗→ 涂油（镀铜）→ 多道次冷拔（冷轧）→ 方坯管→ 热处理→ 矫直→ 水压试验（探伤）→标记→仓储。
应用推广
国外热处理厂家非常重视热处理过程中的冷却。根据12Cr1MoV结构合金钢管的技术和工艺要求，可进行缓冷、油淬、一次气淬等。快速大气循环冷却采用高压气体注入冷却室，计算机控制流量和流量变化，在特定时间内达到冷却速度，以达到热处理过程中所需的冷却曲线，保证12Cr1MoV结构合金钢管的热处理质量。过去采用气淬法冷却的淬火气体为氮气、氦气等，目前12Cr1MoV结构合金钢管采用强空气喷射的方式进行快速冷却。淬火后，表面只有一层很薄的氧化膜，呈灰白色，12Cr1MoV结构合金钢管的颜色依然美丽，并节省了大量的氮气和惰性气体，这进一步降低了热处理成本。
真空低压渗碳和高压气体淬火相结合是当今先进的渗碳淬火工艺。渗碳速度快，碳化物组织优良，淬火裂纹和变形小，节约能源和渗碳剂原料，渗碳12Cr1MoV结构合金钢管表面质量好，有利于环保。
热处理设备
风机冷却、换热器冷却、，淬火油箱冷却等冷却装置均采用油封自冷，完全取代水冷循环系统，整个热处理炉不需要任何冷却水。如热风循环风机冷却：将原水冷套进出口管道改为油管，在风机附近放置一个直径102mm的小油箱。机油冷却系统是完全封闭的。当风机轴承加热时，加热油的比例很小，自然上浮，使油自然循环。在小油箱储存和自然散热的情况下，热油冷却后加入循环，完全取代水冷，不消耗燃料，不需要动力。用冷却油更换淬火油箱板式换热器中的水。冷却油通过热油的热交换加热。物种的变化fic gravity of the oil causes the cooling oil to circulate itself. It can achieve the effect of full oil cooling and save a lot of cooling water.
Nitriding furnace
The German company Ipsen has applied hydrogen probes and corresponding technologies to measure and control the nitrogen potential in the nitriding furnace, so as to adjust and control the atmosphere of the nitriding furnace and realize the modernization of the nitriding furnace.
Gas radiant tube
Use natural gas for heating. Gas heating technology and equipment are very mature in Europe. Natural gas burners have a standard series, which are manufactured and supplied by professional burner factories. The inner tube of the gas radiant tube is replaced with ceramic from stainless steel to extend the service life and increase the power. Natural gas heating improves energy utilization and reduces production costs.
The post The manufacturing process and popularization and application of thick-walled pipe appeared first on abter steel pipe manufacturer, natural gas casing and tubing,seamless steel pipe,OCTG,.
上周,国内期货市场价格加速上涨,特别是期货市场表现迅速,一次最高涨幅近600元(160元),其中,在限产和安全生产等有利因素的推动下,碧娇屡创历史新高,达到300元0元和3800元，螺纹和热卷期货突破了之前的压力水平，最高点为5700元和5900元。元关口。只有铁矿石是负相关的，在[…；]一路下跌到710元的低点。
post钢铁市场飙升600点，节奏也发生了变化。请注意沉重的数据首先出现在abter钢管制造商，天然气套管和管道，无缝钢管，OCTG，
上周，国内期货市场价格加速上涨，尤其是期货市场表现迅速，最高价格一度上涨近600元
其中，在限产、安全生产等有利因素的推动下，碧娇屡创历史新高，分别达到3000元和3800元，螺纹和热卷期货突破以往压力水平，最高分别达到5700元和5900元。元关。只有铁矿石是负相关的，在过去14个月里，它一路下跌到710元的低点。
周末继续突破障碍，叠加多个部门降温，风口浪尖双焦点率先调整，午后跳水加速，线股和热卷期货增长也明显回落，现货市场的交易气氛也逐渐变冷
截至2021年9月10日，朗格钢铁综合价格指数达到5884元，比上周末上涨1.64%，比去年上涨42.84%；兰格钢铁长钢价格指数达到5589元，比上周末上涨2.77%，与去年相比。同期增长42.69%；兰格钢板价格指数达到6108元，比上周末上涨0.8%，比去年同期上涨43.02%。
建筑用钢具体现货价格方面，朗格钢铁云商务平台监测数据显示，截至9月10日，中国十大城市Φ25mm三级钢筋平均价格为5433元，周末上涨153元，上月同期上涨175元。截至9月10日，国内10大城市Φ6.5mm和HPB300高铁平均价格为5961元，周末上涨150元，上月同期上涨160元。
朗格钢铁云商务平台监测数据显示，截至9月10日，全国29个重点城市建筑钢材社会库存量达到77.16万吨，比上周末减少15.39万吨，降幅1.96%，比上月同期减少3.64%，与去年同期相比，下降了17%。
厚板关于热轧卷的价格，朗格钢铁云商务平台的监测数据显示，截至9月10日，中国10个重点城市5.5mm热轧卷的平均价格为5837元，较上周末和上月同期上涨67元。涨了82元。库存方面，截至9月10日，全国29个重点城市热轧卷库存总量达到259.2万吨，比上周末减少7.33万吨，降幅2.69%，比上月同期下降7.66%，高于去年同期。7.2%。
冷轧卷价格方面，截至9月10日，全国10个重点城市1.0mm冷轧卷均价为6520元，周末上涨20元，上月同期上涨28元。在库存方面，截至9月10日，中国24个重点城市的冷轧卷库存为116.14万吨，比周末增加2.4万吨，增幅为0.2%，比上月同期增加0.01%，比去年同期增加10.6%
板块价格方面，截至9月10日，中国10个重点城市20毫米板块价格为5713元，周末上涨54元，上月同期上涨52元。在库存方面，截至9月10日，中国29个主要城市的中、重型钢卷库存达到116.6万吨，比上周末减少20200吨，降幅1.71%，比上月同期下降5.96%，高于去年同期。4.31%。
预测本周即将进入9月中旬。钢铁市场会继续上涨还是进入调整市场？哪些因素值得注意
从供需角度看，市场去库存速度明显加快，表明市场正处于向旺季过渡的过程中。据朗格钢铁网统计，截至9月10日，国内重点城市钢材库存1270.3万吨，比上周减少24.5万吨，每周减少1.9%。本周’；美国的库存比去年同期下降了8.91%。其中，建筑钢材库存771.36万吨，比上年减少15.39万吨m last week, a weekly decrease of 1.96%, and a decrease of 17% from the same period last year. Sheet stocks also fell across the board.
In the later stage, we need to pay attention to two continuities and one uncertainty. One is the continuity of demand. After the explosive volume of transactions this week, demand overdraft is obvious, market transactions tend to be weak, terminal and speculative demand is significantly reduced, and the market fear of high and wait-and-see psychology has begun to dominate. If the follow-up continues to be weak, it is not ruled out that there will be shocks and vomiting in the market;
From a general perspective, as the country’s structural adjustments to real estate are imperative, the impact of real estate on the economy will decline, and it is beginning to mention moderately advanced infrastructure construction. In addition, the National Development and Reform Commission agreed to the National Railway Group to issue 300 billion yuan of China Railway Construction Bonds, of which 130 billion yuan will be used for railway construction projects, and 170 billion yuan will be used for debt structure adjustment. The impact of the market is more important.
The other is the continuous issue of production reduction, strict control of the production capacity of high-energy-consuming and high-emission industries, the full presence of environmental protection groups in various regions, and the progress of the announcement of the “Implementation Plan for Carbon Peak in the Iron and Steel Industry”. The support for the market is still .
The uncertain factor is that the country’s tolerance for high prices is also more urgent. This week the National Development and Reform Commission once again emphasized the elimination of malicious speculation on coal prices, price hikes, hoarding and other behaviors. The DCE has adjusted its handling fees for coking coal and coke. The Coal Transportation and Marketing Association also stated that the price of coking coal cannot rise in an orderly manner, and market sentiment tends to be cautious. The game between supply and demand, reality and policy will continue in the later period.
From a technical point of view, one is that, except for iron ore, all are currently in the upward channel; the second is that it has reached a staged high; the third is that opportunities and risks coexist.
In particular, bifocals have repeatedly set historical new highs. The pressure on the upper side is very obvious. Thread and hot coil futures are roughly the same. Take the thread as an example. If 5700 is stable and there are new driving benefits, the possibility of breaking through 5800 exists. When encountering obstacles and even the reality is not as expected, the chances of turning down will increase significantly.
The new financial data is released. Among them, China’s social financing scale in August increased by 2.96 trillion yuan, 629.5 billion yuan less than the same period of the previous year. It is expected to be 285.714 billion yuan, and the previous value is 1.060 billion yuan; the balance of broad money (M2) at the end of August 231.23 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.2% year-on-year, is estimated to be 8.4%, and the previous value is 8.3%; the new RMB loans in August are 1.220 billion yuan, which is estimated to be 1.4 trillion yuan, and the previous value is 1083.2 billion yuan. From the data point of view, the social financial data was slightly higher than expected, and was significantly higher than the previous value of 1.9 trillion, and the growth rate of M2 and new loans were slightly lower than expected.(Reprinted in Lange Steel)
The post The steel market soars by 600, and the rhythm changes. pay attention to heavy data appeared first on abter steel pipe manufacturer, natural gas casing and tubing,seamless steel pipe,OCTG,.
石油套管是维持油井运行的生命线。由于地质条件不同，井下应力状态复杂，管体受到拉、压、弯、扭应力的共同作用，对套管本身的质量提出了更高的要求。一旦套管因某种原因损坏，整个油井可能会减少甚至报废。
油气井是石油公司的固定资产，油层套管是油气井最基本的组成部分。一旦油层套管损坏无法修复，则意味着油气井报废和固定资产损失。油层套管常年承受油层高压和气体、液体等介质的侵蚀，也反复受到各种修井作业和增产措施等外力的作用。损坏的主要原因如下：
（1）套管本身质量差，强度低
（2）固井质量差，密封不牢 水、化学剂和微生物的腐蚀作用（4）套管周围的地质构造运动和岩性
（5）高压注水造成套管损坏 （6）油井、气井和水井出砂的影响 （7）修井作业不当造成的套管损坏套管损坏通常有三种类型，即套管直径减小、套管破裂和套管破裂。
由于套管损坏位置、损坏程度和损坏情况不同，有些无法修复，有些可以修复。
对于套管缩径的修复方法，修复时使用逐渐膨胀的滚柱成型器，通过对钻杆加压逐渐扩大内径。此方法相对简单且易于生效。
有几种方法可以修复破损的套管、裂缝或孔洞： （1）挤压水泥浆。当油层压力不高，破裂和泄漏不严重时，可通过挤压水泥浆进行修复。工艺方法为：首先使用比套管内径小8-10mm的孔径规，然后在缺口的适当位置放置悬挂式封堵装置（工具名称称为桥塞），临时封堵缺口下方的井筒，然后在桥塞上方注入一定量的水泥浆，使其凝固成水泥塞。水泥塞固化后，在套管内钻水泥塞，试压，检查水泥封层裂缝质量。待质量合格，钻好悬塞（桥塞）并将砂冲洗至井底后，确认密封。通过这种方法修复的套管通常可以承受40-80 MPa的压力，但在高压施工期间，应使用封隔器保护油井，以防止该段受到高压。（2）更换外壳。当破裂位置在油井上部，可采用反扣法将破裂处上方的套管取出时，可采用反扣法将事故段上方的所有套管吊起，重新插入新套管，并紧固。这种方法的优点是保证套管内径的一致性，作业后井下工具能够顺利通过；缺点是，井下对接套管螺纹的紧密性不如井口上的紧密性。
（3）补贴法。补充规则是在破损套管内壁粘贴薄壁管，以达到修复目的。其工艺原理是：用一根特殊的耐高压胶管和一根波纹管（薄壁管）套在井下套管损坏处，保持压力使胶管膨胀，同时使波纹管膨胀，使波纹管严密。将壳体损坏部分的内壁粘在一起，壳体和波纹管用粘合剂粘合在一起。粘合剂固化后，移动钻具，取出高压胶管。此补贴流程操作简单且安全。
套管破裂的油井可在三种情况下分别修复。第一个断裂，但没有错位；二是断裂，但错位不严重；第三个断裂，位错严重，下半部分断裂ing can’t even be found.
In order to obtain information such as the displacement, the depth of the fault, the relative distance between the upper and lower fractures and whether the fracture is deformed after the casing is broken, methods such as printing and instrument testing can be used to clarify the situation.
For the broken casing without misalignment, it can be repaired by grout injection method; for the broken casing but the misalignment is not serious, use the replacement casing method to repair if the casing replacement is allowed; if the casing replacement conditions are not available, it can be repaired underneath. The repair method is to mill off a section of the broken casing, and clamp and pull the upper and lower casings with a repair tool in the middle to ensure the normal production of the oil well.
For wells that are seriously misaligned after fracture and can not find the lower casing, the sidetracking method can be used. That is, the wellbore at the fracture is cemented to death, a small drill pipe is lowered from the upper casing to re-drill a borehole, and a casing smaller than the original casing is inserted to cement the well.
The mechanics and environmental behavior of oil pipes have an important influence on the adoption of advanced technology and production and efficiency in the oil industry; oil pipes have a huge loss of failure, and their safety, reliability and service life are of great importance to the oil industry.
The post Damage and repair of oil and gas well casing appeared first on abter steel pipe manufacturer, natural gas casing and tubing,seamless steel pipe,OCTG,.
有关金融机构近期对货币信贷形势的分析认为，国内经济复苏仍需保持信贷稳定增长，适度的货币增长应支持高质量的经济发展，帮助中小企业和困难行业继续复苏，同时，还应加强金融监管促进农村地区的振兴。通过使用再贷款、再贴现和存款准备金率等货币政策工具，将政策结合起来，为金融机构提供金融支持。在7月全面下调存款准备金率后，中央银行最近的会议先后表示，中央银行将在今年7月实施全面的存款准备金率下调hensive使用多种语言[…；]
post钢铁市场“；金九&#旺季即将来临，市场即将触底反弹？首先出现在abter钢管制造商，天然气套管和管道，无缝钢管，OCTG，
近期有关金融机构对货币信贷形势的分析认为，国内经济复苏仍需保持信贷稳定增长，适度的货币增长应支持高质量的经济发展，帮助中小企业和困难行业继续复苏，为振兴农村服务。通过使用再贷款、再贴现和存款准备金率等货币政策工具，将政策结合起来，为金融机构提供金融支持。
在7月全面下调存款准备金率后，央行’；央行近期的会议先后表示，综合运用多种货币政策工具，将引导贷款合理增长。随着经济复苏势头减弱，稳定增长压力显现，业内普遍认为稳健宽松的货币政策信号更加明显，后期再次下调存款准备金率的可能性更大。
在此背景下，钢铁流通市场资金紧张状况能否得到改善？传统的“；金九”；钢铁市场旺季即将到来，是否会带来一波强劲的市场？
铁矿石价格停止下跌并企稳，市场可能反弹
作为上游板块，近期铁矿石市场数据值得关注。相关数据显示，从8月23日到8月27日，进口铁矿石价格指数停止下跌并趋于稳定。
根据朗格钢铁云业务平台的监测数据，截至8月27日，58%的澳大利亚粉末指数为121美元/吨，较上周上涨3美元/吨；61.5%的澳大利亚粉末指数为138美元/吨，较上周有所上升。每吨4美元；62%的澳大利亚板块指数为178美元/吨，较上周下跌2美元/吨；第十四个五年计划&8221；在此期间，钢铁行业必须提高其资源保障能力。最近,自然资源部在答复"关于加强铁矿勘查,提高资源安全的建议"时表示,将进一步加强基础地质工作,加大矿业权转让力度,促进市场主体加大勘查投资,，推动矿产资源法的修改，完善采矿权、储量管理和权益金制度；创新勘探激励机制，探索对提供区块建议并成功出售区块的单位的激励；深化地勘单位改革，发挥地勘单位在地勘工作中的作用。
从市场条件看，7月份以来铁矿石价格持续下跌，61.5%的澳大利亚粉末指数价格下跌30%以上。然而，钢铁厂的步伐’；最近减产放缓，铁矿石需求暂时稳定。本周，矿石价格停止下跌并趋于稳定
兰格钢铁研究中心王静认为，在粗钢减产的背景下，铁矿石供需格局依然疲软，价格中心将继续下行。但在短期内，经过大幅调整后，预期减产带来的市场风险将得到充分释放。而钢铁厂的铁矿石库存处于相对较低的水平。随着旺季的到来，将有一定的补货需求，这将支撑价格，市场可能会在震荡中反弹。
货币政策将提振基础设施
王静认为，自疫情爆发以来，国内货币政策保持了独立性，没有大规模宽松。近几个月来，主要金融数据指标的增长率有所下降，流动性一直疲软。一方面，基础设施和房地产融资方面的限制薄弱。由于资金无法注入房地产和基础设施领域，而是通过购销链传递和流通，钢铁市场感到资金紧张。尽管个别房地产公司的现金流非常紧张，但面对房地产监管，该政策不太可能放松。房地产行业部分银行不良贷款率上升。银行在向房地产公司贷款时将更加谨慎，这意味着宏观流动性仍然困难。注入房地产行业。
但目前的情况已经改变。财政部最近发布了一份关于中国实施’；中国上半年的财政政策表明will moderately speed up the issuance of special local government bonds, make good use of local government special bond funds, guide local governments to strengthen project reserves, and promote the formation of physical workloads at the end of this year and early next year. Support the expansion of effective investment, guarantee the capital demand for key project construction, optimize government investment arrangements, and enhance the stamina for investment growth.
She predicts that monetary policy will be coordinated with fiscal policy, through methods such as RRR cuts, and appropriate liquidity to support the acceleration of the issuance of local government special bonds, and the infrastructure sector is expected to receive more capital injections.
“Under the background of the slowdown in economic recovery, the monetary policy is stable and loose, supporting the real economy, maintaining stable liquidity, restricting real estate, and boosting infrastructure, while more funds flow to small, medium and micro enterprises in the middle and lower reaches of the industry. , As a whole, it is conducive to the stability of steel demand and the improvement of funding, which is good for the steel market.” Wang Jing said.
She also talked about the need to pay attention to the annual meeting of global central banks currently being held. “As a weather vane for the policy turning point of major central banks in the world, we need to pay attention to the policy signals they release and the expected impact.”
Can “Golden Nine” Bottom Up?
According to Ge Xin from the Lange Steel Research Center, in the 35th week of 2021 (2021.8.23-8.27), the Lange Steel’s national absolute price index is 5,711 yuan, an increase of 0.30% from last week and an increase of 39.72% from the same period last year. Among them, the absolute price index of Lange Steel Long Products was 5351 yuan, an increase of 0.47% from last week, and an increase of 37.55% from the same period last year; the absolute price index of Lange Steel Profiles was 5,670 yuan, an increase of 0.58% from last week, and an increase from the same period last year. 44.91%; The Lange Steel Plate Absolute Price Index was 5,975 yuan, an increase of 0.15% from last week, and an increase of 40.96% from the same period last year; the Lange Steel Pipe Absolute Price Index was 6,211 yuan, an increase of 0.08% from last week, and an increase from the same period last year. 39.30%.
According to the monitoring data of the Lange Steel Cloud Business Platform, in the 35th week of 2021, the price changes of 17 categories and 43 specifications (variety) of steel raw materials and steel products in some regions in China are as follows: The market prices of major steel products fluctuate and consolidate. Compared with the week, the rising varieties have increased, the flat varieties have increased, and the falling varieties have decreased significantly. Among them, 17 varieties rose, 14 more than last week; 16 varieties remained the same, 12 more than last week; 10 varieties fell, 26 less than last week. The domestic steel raw material market fluctuated and rose, iron ore prices rose by 10-25 yuan, coke prices rose by 240 yuan, scrap steel prices fluctuated slightly, and billet prices rose by 70 yuan.
Ge Xin believes that the domestic steel market is approaching the traditional “Golden Nine” peak season, but the downstream demand recovery is not obvious. The market transactions are up and down, and because the profits of the steel mills have recovered in the early stage, the steel mills are also enthusiastic about production. Increased, which prompted a rebound in the output of large and medium-sized steel companies in mid-August.
He said that since the second half of the year, the downstream demand situation has not been as expected. The real estate industry has been suppressed by policies but still remains resilient, but the infrastructure industry is far from reaching expectations. This shows whether the market demand in the peak season of “Golden 9” can recover as expected. There is still uncertainty about the arrival. “However, the Ministry of Finance recently stated that it will speed up the budgetary expenditures in the second half of the year and the issuance of local government bonds, which has brought a certain boost to the traditional peak season of demand. In the short term, the domestic steel market will show a situation of turbulence and bottoming up.”
According to data from the weekly price prediction model of the Lange Steel Cloud Business Platform, next week (2021.8.30-9.3), the domestic steel market prices will fluctuate upwards, the long products market prices will rise slightly, the profile market prices will rise steadily, and the plate market prices Steady and strong, the market price of pipes will fluctuate and rise.
In the 36th week of 2021 (8.30-9.3), the Lange Steel National Absolute Price Index is expected to be 5,725 yuan, an increase of 14 yuan; of which, the Lange Steel Long Products Absolute Price Index is expected to remain at 5398 yuan, an increase of 47. Lange steel profile absolute price index is expected to be 5699 yuan, an increase of 20 yuan; Lange steel sheet absolute price index is expected to be 5979 yuan, an increase of 4 yuan; Lange steel pipe absolute price index is expected to be 6,226 yuan, an increase of 15 yuan. (China Finance Network)
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热浸镀锌是先对钢管进行酸洗。为了去除钢管表面的氧化铁，酸洗后在氯化铵或氯化锌水溶液槽或氯化铵和氯化锌混合水溶液槽中清洗，然后送入热浸镀锌槽。热浸镀锌具有涂层均匀的优点，附着力强，使用寿命长，耐腐蚀性强。品牌和化学成分镀锌钢管用钢的等级和化学成分应符合等级和[…；]
post热浸镀锌钢管的技术要求首先出现在//www.gh-pc.com“>abter钢管制造商，天然气套管和管道，无缝钢管，OCTG，
热浸镀锌是先对钢管进行酸洗。为了去除钢管表面的氧化铁，酸洗后在氯化铵或氯化锌水溶液槽或氯化铵和氯化锌混合水溶液槽中清洗，然后送入热浸镀锌槽。热浸镀锌具有涂层均匀的优点，附着力强，使用寿命长，耐腐蚀性强。
- 品牌和化学成分
- 制造方法
- 螺纹和管接头
- 冷弯试验标称直径不超过50mm的镀锌钢管应进行冷弯试验。弯曲角度为90°，弯曲半径为外径的8倍。试验过程中没有填充物，试样的焊缝应位于弯曲方向的外侧或上部。试验后，样品上不得有裂纹和锌层剥落。
- 水压试验水压试验应在单簧管中进行。涡流探伤也可以代替水压试验。涡流检测的试验压力或对比样品的尺寸应符合GB 3092的要求。
- Brinell hardness (HB)
镀锌钢管用钢的牌号和化学成分应符合GB 3092规定的黑色钢管用钢的牌号和化学成分。
黑管的制造方法（熔炉焊接或电焊）由制造商选择。热浸镀锌用于镀锌。
3.1对于带有螺纹的镀锌钢管，应在镀锌后加工螺纹。螺纹应符合YB 822规定。
3.2钢管接头应符合YB 238；可锻铸铁管接头应符合YB 230的要求。机械性能镀锌前钢管的机械性能应符合GB 3092的要求。镀锌层的均匀性应测试镀锌钢管的镀锌层均匀性。钢管样品在硫酸铜溶液中连续浸泡5次后不得变红（镀铜）。
钢材的机械性能是保证钢材最终使用性能（机械性能）的重要指标，这取决于钢的化学成分和热处理系统。在钢管标准中，根据不同的应用要求，规定了用户要求的拉伸性能（拉伸强度、屈服强度或屈服点、伸长率）、硬度、韧性指标和高低温性能。
①抗拉强度（σb）
在拉伸过程中，试样断裂时承受的最大力（Fb）是从试样原始横截面积（So）获得的应力（σ），称为抗拉强度（σb），单位为N/mm2（MPa）。它表示金属材料在拉力下抵抗损坏的最大能力。计算公式为：
式中：Fb试样断裂时承受的最大力，N（牛顿）；所以原始横截面积样本，mm2。
②屈服点（σs）
对于具有屈服现象的金属材料，拉伸过程中（保持恒定）试样可以继续伸长而不增加力的应力称为屈服点。如果力下降，应区分上屈服点和下屈服点。屈服点单位为N/mm2（MPa）。
上屈服点（σsu）：试样屈服前的最大应力，力首次下降；下屈服点（σsl）：未考虑初始瞬态效应时屈服阶段的最小应力。
屈服点的计算公式为：
式中：Fs–；试样拉伸过程中的屈服力（常数），N（牛顿）So–；原始横截面积试样，mm2。
③断裂后伸长率（σ）
在拉伸试验中，试样断裂后标距长度增加至原始标距长度的百分比称为伸长率。用σ表示，单位为%。计算公式为：
式中：L1为试样断裂后的标距长度，单位为mm；L0试样的原始标距长度，单位为mm。
④面积缩减（ψ）
在拉伸试验中，试样断裂至原始横截面积后，试样直径缩减处横截面积的最大缩减百分比称为面积缩减。用ψ表示，单位为%。计算公式如下：
In the formula: S0-the original cross-sectional area of the sample, mm2; S1-the minimum cross-sectional area at the reduced diameter of the sample after it is broken, mm2.
⑤ Hardness index
The ability of metal materials to resist the indentation of hard objects on the surface is called hardness. According to the different test methods and scope of application, the hardness can be divided into Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, Vickers hardness, Shore hardness, micro hardness and high temperature hardness. There are three commonly used pipes: Brinell, Rockwell, and Vickers hardness.
Use a steel ball or cemented carbide ball of a certain diameter to press into the surface of the sample with the specified test force (F), remove the test force after the specified holding time, and measure the diameter of the indentation on the surface of the sample. (L) The Brinell hardness value is the quotient obtained by dividing the test force by the spherical surface area of the indentation. Expressed in HBS (steel ball), the unit is N/mm2 (MPa).
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The post 经济数据全面下滑，钢铁扩张需求疲软首先出现在abter钢管生产商，天然气套管，无缝钢管，OCTG，.
国家统计局今天公布的数据显示，7月份，受多种因素影响，主要宏观指标普遍下降，外部需求减弱，投资增速略有下降，主要经济指标全面下降
固定资产投资恢复势头减弱，两年平均增长率首次下降。1-7月，全国固定资产投资（不含农户）30533亿元，同比增长10.3%，两年平均增长4.3%。平均增长率比上半年低0.1个百分点。各地区基础设施投资同比增长4.6%，两年平均增长0.9%，比1-6月回落1.5个百分点；制造业投资同比增长17.3%，两年平均增长率为3.1%，高于1-6月。1.1个百分点，较上期改善幅度收窄；房地产开发投资增长12.7%，两年平均增长8.0%，比上半年下降0.2个百分点。
疫情一再抑制消费，复苏再次放缓。1-7月，社会消费品零售总额246829亿元，同比增长20.7%，两年平均增长4.3%。7月份，消费品零售总额同比增长8.5%，两年平均增长率为3.6%，比6月份下降1.3个百分点。在当月商品零售中，汽车和家用电器零售额分别同比下降1.8%和增长8.2%。
外部需求减弱，出口增长大幅下降。1-7月，全国出口总值（美元）同比增长35.2%，其中7月环比增长0.4%，同比增长19.3%，比上月下降12.9个百分点。
受需求下降、煤电短缺和钢铁产量有限的影响，工业生产明显放缓。7月，规模以上工业增加值同比实际增长6.4%，两年平均增长5.6%，比6月回落0.9个百分点。其中，制造业增加值同比增长6.2%，较6月份大幅下降。主要钢材的性能有所不同。工业机器人产量同比增长较快，汽车、发电机组产量同比大幅下降。
经济下行压力显现
7月份，房地产投资增速放缓，基础设施投资大幅放缓。只有制造业投资继续改善。消费受到反复流行的影响，恢复程度低于预期。外部需求保持弹性，但增长率大幅下降。
总体而言，受疫情、部分地区暴雨等暂时性不利因素影响，经济复苏势头进一步减弱。然而，经济数据的跌幅超过了预期，同时也存在着内生结构性下行压力，这些压力推动了房地产危机后的复苏。投资和出口这两大动力正在下降，制造业投资难以对冲，基础设施投资疲软，消费复苏缓慢，稳定增长的窗口期已经过去。
稳定增长的政策可能会得到加强
7月30日的政治局会议强调，要做好宏观经济政策的跨周期调整，统筹规划今明两年宏观经济政策衔接。在保持连续性和稳定性的基础上，该政策将兼顾短期和中长期。当经济面临更大的下行压力时，该政策可能倾向于宽松以支撑经济，同时为明年留出空间。从长期来看，它将继续促进经济转型，支持技术创新，培育新能源和数字经济等新的增长动力。
预计货币政策将保持稳定和宽松，以保持合理和充足的流动性，大宗商品价格仍然居高不下。PPI和CPI剪刀差在7月扩大，第四季度将再次下调存款准备金率，以缓解银行的经营压力small and medium-sized enterprises in the middle and lower reaches of the industry. Fiscal policy is used to stabilize growth, grasp the progress of local government bond issuance, and accelerate the construction of major engineering projects.
There is room for repairing infrastructure and consumption
In the later stage, the supply of overseas economies has recovered, and the demand for goods has gradually slowed down. The new export order index of my country’s manufacturing industry has fallen for four consecutive months, and has been in a contraction range for three consecutive months. It is necessary to pay attention to the impact of export changes on the production side.
In terms of domestic demand, the completion of real estate has maintained a large scale, the leading indicators of Sino-Singaporean construction continued to weaken, and the sales of commercial housing have significantly cooled. Under the background of continuous deepening of policy control, investment will be under pressure; Preventing local government debt risks and infrastructure investment stimulating bulk commodity prices. Later, the economy will face downward pressure. The issuance of special bonds may accelerate at the end of the year, which will promote a moderate rebound in infrastructure investment, but its supporting effect on the economy may be relatively limited; manufacturing investment will continue to recover However, due to weaker domestic and foreign demand, the cost pressure of enterprises is still great, and the upward trend may be restricted to some extent.
The policy taps the potential of the domestic market, and consumption will further recover. Due to the repeated and frequent spread of the epidemic, it may be difficult to return to normal levels within the year.
The expansion of demand for steel in the peak season is weak
The construction industry is shifting from the off-season to the peak season, and steel demand will expand seasonally. However, infrastructure investment has fallen more than expected, and new real estate starts continue to weaken. The expansion momentum of steel demand in the construction industry in the peak season is weak. Due to the decline in external demand and sluggish domestic demand, the growth rate of manufacturing production has declined, and the expansion of steel demand is not strong. The industry continues to differentiate. The steel demand for construction machinery and other industries in the upstream of the construction industry may continue to weaken, benefiting from industrial upgrading of high-tech manufacturing Industrial steel demand is expected to remain strong.
After the epidemic, the “unusual” growth of steel consumption is unsustainable. As economic growth returns to normal and faces downward pressure again, it is necessary to pay attention to the risk of unexpected contraction of steel demand. (Reproduced from Lange Steel Research Center)
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热轧和冷轧都是成型型钢或钢板的过程，它们对钢的组织和性能有很大的影响。钢材的轧制主要是热轧，冷轧仅用于生产小型型钢和薄板。1.热轧的优点：可以破坏钢锭的铸造组织，细化钢的晶粒，消除组织缺陷，使钢组织致密，力学性能得到改善。这种改善主要体现在轧制方向上，使[…；]
热轧和冷轧是用于形成钢板或钢板的工艺，它们对钢的结构和性能产生了很大的影响。钢的轧制主要是热轧，冷轧仅用于生产小型钢板和片材。
1。热轧
优点：它可以破坏钢锭的铸造结构，精炼钢的粒，消除微观结构的缺陷，使钢结构致密，改善机械性能。 This improvement is mainly reflected in the rolling direction, so that the steel is no longer isotropic to a certain extent; bubbles, cracks and looseness formed during casting can also be welded under high temperature and pressure.
Disadvantages: 1. After hot rolling, the non-metallic inclusions (mainly sulfides and oxides, as well as silicates) inside the steel are pressed into thin sheets, and delamination (interlayer) occurs. Delamination greatly deteriorates the tensile properties of the steel in the thickness direction, and it is possible that interlayer tearing may occur when the weld shrinks. The local strain induced by weld shrinkage often reaches several times the yield point strain, which is much larger than the strain caused by the load.
2. Residual stress caused by uneven cooling. Residual stress is the internal self-balanced stress without external force. Hot-rolled steel sections of various cross-sections have such residual stresses. Generally, the larger the section size of the steel section, the larger the residual stress. Although the residual stress is self-balanced, it still has a certain influence on the performance of the steel member under the action of external force. For example, it may have adverse effects on deformation, stability, fatigue resistance, etc.
Two, cold rolling
It refers to the processing of steel plates or steel strips into various types of steel through cold drawing, cold bending, cold drawing and other cold processing at room temperature.
Advantages: fast forming speed, high output, and does not damage the coating, can be made into a variety of cross-sectional forms to meet the needs of the use conditions; cold rolling can cause large plastic deformation of the steel, thereby improving the yield of the steel point.
Disadvantages: 1, although the molding process has not been hot plastic compression, but still residual stress within the cross-section, the overall and local buckling resistance of the steel will inevitably produced Health Effects;
2. The cold-rolled steel section is generally an open section, which makes the free torsional stiffness of the section lower. When prone to bending torsional, bending and torsion prone to buckling under compression , torsional performance than the difference;
3. The wall thickness of cold-rolled steel is small, and there is no thickening at the corners where the plates are joined, and the ability to withstand local concentrated loads is weak.
Three, the main difference between hot rolling and cold rolling
1. Cold-rolled formed steel allows local buckling of the section, so that the bearing capacity of the bar after buckling can be fully utilized; while hot-rolled steel does not allow local buckling of the section.
2. Hot-rolled steel and cold-rolled steel have different causes of residual stress, so the distribution on the cross-section is also very different. The residual stress distribution on the cross-section of cold-formed thin-walled steel is curved, while the residual stress distribution on the cross-section of hot-rolled or welded steel is thin-film.
3. The free torsional stiffness of hot-rolled steel is higher than that of cold-rolled steel, so the torsion resistance of hot-rolled steel is better than that of cold-rolled steel.
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今年是“的第一年；第十四个五年计划；。热点问题如碳峰值、碳中性、不透明度和γ8220；回首往事&（8221；）；，产能置换、减产和资源保护是整个行业非常关注的问题。今年上半年，钢铁行业运行良好。公司产销繁荣，效益提高，绿色发展、智能制造、技术创新等取得新进展，为积极满足下游产业需求增长，推动国民经济实现“良好开局提供重要支撑；第十四个五年计划
根据中国钢铁协会的数据，上半年钢铁行业对钢铁需求强劲增长做出了反应，整体供需相对平衡。全国生铁、粗钢和钢材产量分别为4.56亿吨、5.63亿吨和6.98亿吨，同比增长4.0%。11.8%和13.9%；粗钢表观消费量预计相当于5.37亿吨，同比增长10.2%。随着海外防疫形势的变化和国际市场需求的恢复，钢材出口量大幅增加。据海关统计，上半年我国出口钢材3738万吨，同比增长30.2%。
中国钢铁工业的发展有五大特点支撑着我国经济的快速发展，是典型的技术密集型产业，让世界更美好，是中国最具全球竞争力的产业，将长期引领世界钢铁工业的发展。到目前为止,中国钢铁工业已经有了良好的规模,良好的价格,良好的产品,良好的品牌,良好的服务,；5G”；竞争力，实施世界上最严格的环境排放标准，引领着世界钢铁的绿色革命，并正在努力打造全球钢铁行业低碳发展示范，将在一个高质量的时期演变为低碳阶段。
站在新的历史起点“；“十四五”规划；，在落实新的发展理念,构建新的发展模式的背景下,；中国经济社会进入高质量发展的新阶段，我国&8217；中国的钢铁工业已经开始了新的征程。在低碳的引领下，数字驱动、技术革命、绿色合作将成为形成新的供需平衡、推动新的技术进步、创造新的产业格局、构建安全供应链的三大趋势，为促进钢铁行业转型升级和高质量发展，经国务院批准，国务院关税税则委员会于7月29日发布公告，自今年8月1日起，铬铁和高纯生铁的出口关税将适当提高，调整后实施。40%和20%的出口税率。此外，根据财政部和国家税务总局发布的联合公告，从2021年8月1日起，我国还将取消包括钢轨在内的23种钢铁产品的出口退税。这是我国自今年以来第二次调整钢铁关税。在5月的第一次关税调整中，涵盖主要高附加值产品的23个税号的出口退税被保留，这次全部取消。
最近，中国许多省份宣布生产粗钢。如果国家’；中国粗钢产量今年没有同比增长，下半年产量将下降更多。取消出口退税的范围将扩大，这将削弱相关钢铁产品出口的价格竞争。提高铬铁和高纯生铁的出口关税将影响相关公司的出口订单。该政策的目的是优先满足国内需求，帮助提高国内钢铁资源的产能。
整体海外钢铁市场已出现拐点。钢材需求扩张放缓，市场供需缺口缩小，价格上涨势头不足。随着海外市场的调整和国内市场的反弹，我国的价格优势’；中国的钢铁出口已逐渐减少，而port orders have fallen. At the same time, the scope of the cancellation of export tax rebates has expanded, which will further restrain steel exports.
Reducing crude steel production capacity is an important measure to implement my country’s carbon peak and carbon neutral goals. At the aforementioned meeting of the China Iron and Steel Industry Association, the relevant person in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission stated that the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments organized 9 inspection teams to carry out on-site inspections in 29 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. The relevant local enterprises will be asked for the problems found in the inspections. Seriously rectify and reform in accordance with laws and regulations, and severely deal with serious problems that are not in place.
At present, the global industrial layout is undergoing major adjustment, and the risk of iron ore resource protection is increasing.The traditional steel market has entered a stable period, steel prices rise without the long-term support of fundamental factors;There are strong constraints on resource, energy and environmental protection, and the task of carbon peak and carbon neutrality is arduous.New challenges to the steel industry.
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API标准螺纹的优点是:1)易于加工，一般精度，相关接头易于现场加工和连接，成本低。2)一般工况下的连接便于现场维修和操作。3)配合优质密封润滑脂使用时，流体密封条件可达69MPa, 1490c。4)可在卡扣上重复使用。其缺点是:1)高压气体不能满足密封要求。2) API螺纹的连接强度仅为管身抗拉强度的80%。3)环境中与(& # 8230;)< / p > < p > post < rel =“nofollow”href = " //www.gh-pc.com/news/products-news/api-screwed-steel-pipe-advantages-and-disadvantages/ " > API螺纹钢管优点和缺点< / >第一次出现在< rel =“nofollow”href = " //www.gh-pc.com " >要求钢管制造商,天然气套管和管道，无缝钢管，OCTG，.
API标准线程的优点是:
1)易于处理，一般精度，易于处理和连接字段上的相关子，成本低。2)一般工况下的连接便于维修和现场操作。
3)与优质密封润滑脂配合使用时，流体密封条件可达69MPa和1490 c。4)可在扣环上重复使用。
缺点是:
1)高压气体不能满足密封要求。
2) API螺纹的连接强度仅为管体抗拉强度的80%。
API环太大，过度的周向应力很容易产生氢蚀脆性应力故障或应变的API领< / span > < / p > < p > post < rel =“nofollow”href = " //www.gh-pc.com/news/products-news/api-screwed-steel-pipe-advantages-and-disadvantages/ " > API螺纹钢管优点和缺点< / >第一次出现在<.
. . . . . .雨，雨，雨&8230；近几天来，河南省的暴雨一直在增加，郑州仅三天时间，一小时内几乎全年降雨量，最大降雨量达到100西湖水，道路、地铁被淹，山洪、泥石流时有发生，道路交通中断。受洪水影响的钢厂更为严重，一些钢厂已完全关闭。虽然受灾害影响的一些较小的高地钢厂继续正常运转，但铁矿石和焦炭等成品的生产也因道路交通堵塞而受到影响这篇文章//www.gh-pc.com/news/industry-news/henan-heavy-rain-steel-shipments-affected/“>受影响的河南暴雨钢铁发货量第一次出现在abter钢管制造商，天然气套管和管道，无缝钢管，OCTG，